Suggested Materials
Readings
Barzen, Mimi. "The Great Hinckley Fire-1894." Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. n.d.
Cardille, Jeffrey A., Stephen J. Ventura, and Monica G. Turner. "Environmental and Social Factors Influencing Wildfires in the Upper Midwest, United States." Ecological Applications 11, no. 1 (February 2001): 111-127.
Carroll, Francis M. and Franklin R. Raiter. "'At the Time of Our Misfortune': Relief Efforts Following the 1918 Cloquet Fire." Minnesota History 48, no. 7 (Fall 1983): 270-282.
_____________. The Fires of Autumn: The Cloquet-Moose Lake Disaster of 1918. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1990.
_____________. "The People Versus the Government: The 1918 Cloquet Fire and the Struggle for Compensation." Journal of Forest History 29, no. 1 (January 1985): 4-21.
Haase, Camela R. "Early Social Workers as Disaster Relief Workers: The Minnesota Fires of 1918 and the Work of the Red Cross." Minnesota History 65, no. 7 (Fall 2017): 248-259.
Holbrook, Stewart. "The Peshtigo Fire." The American Scholar 13, no. 2 (Spring 1944): 201-209.
Hultquist, Tom. "The Great Midwest Fires of 1871." National Weather Service. n.d.
Laine, Mary. "Great Hinckley Fire, 1894." MNopedia, March 16, 2020.
Magee, Rick. "Andrews, Christopher Columbus (1829-1922)." MNopedia, November 18, 2024.
Nelson, Hayden L. "Smoke from Their Fires: Or, Environment and Region in Canada and the Upper Midwest." Middle West Review 11, no. 1 (Fall 2024): 89-111.
Nelson, Paul. "Cloquet, Duluth, and Moose Lake Fires, 1918." MNopedia, June 8, 2015.
Norrgard, Chantal. "Welfare State, Settler State: Ojibwes, Social Citizenship, and Disaster Relief in the Great Fire of 1918." The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 14, no. 4 (October 2014): 521-530.
Pyne, Stephen. Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1982. See especially pp. 199-219.
Rice, Anna M. "General Christopher C. Andrews: Leading the Minnesota Forestry Revolution." The History Teacher 36, no. 1 (November 2002): 91-115.
Richardson, H.W. "The Northeastern Minnesota Forest Fires of October 12, 1918." Geographical Review 7, no. 4 (April 1919): 220-232.
Schafer, Joseph. "Great Fires of Seventy-One." The Wisconsin Magazine of History 11, no. 1 (September 1927): 96-106.
Searle, Newell. "Minnesota State Forestry Association: Seedbed of Forest Conservation." Minnesota History 44, no. 1 (Spring 1974): 16-29.
Terrie, Philip G. "'The Necessities of the Case': The Response to the Thumb Fire of 1881." Michigan Historical Review 31, no. 2 (Fall 2005): 90-116.
Williams, B.J., B. Song, and T.M. Williams. "Visualizing Mega-Fires of the Past: A Case Study of the 1894 Hinckley Fire, East-Central Minnesota, USA." Forest Ecology and Management 294 (2013): 107-119.
Wills, Matthew. "Peshtigo: The Nation's Deadliest Fire." JStor Daily, October 8, 2023.
Websites
The Hinckley Fire Museum (Hinckley, Minnesota)
The Peshtigo Fire Museum (Peshtigo, Wisconsin)
Historical Markers
The 1918 Fire (in front of the Kettle River Area Veterans Building, Kettle River, Minnesota)
Beginning of State Reforestation (Higgins Lake Nursery, Higgins Lake, Michigan)
Chisholm Fire Memorial (Near entrance to Memorial Park and the Museum of Mining, Chisholm, Minnesota)
Christopher C. Andrews, Conservation Pioneer (General Andrews Rest Area, 2 miles northeast of Willow River, Minnesota)
Firefighting Heritage (Paul M. Thiede Fire Tower Park, Pequot Lakes, Minnesota)
Fires and Firefighting (Paul M. Thiede Fire Tower Park, Pequot Lakes, Minnesota)
Fire and the Forest (Forest Heritage Trail, near Grayling, Michigan)
Fire and Healthy Forests (Paul M. Thiede Fire Tower Park, Pequot Lakes, Minnesota)
The Fire of 1871 and Williamsville: A 19th Century Euroamerican Settlement in Door County (SW of the Belgian Heritage Center, Namur, Wisconsin)
The Fires of Autumn 1918 (Just north of MN 33, Independence, Minnesota)
First Forest Patrol Flight (Northern-Highland American Legion State Forest Boat Landing, near Boulder Junction, Wisconsin)
Great Fire of 1881 (Brown Roadside Park, near Bay Port, Michigan)
Great Fire of 1910 (Peace Park, Baudette, Minnesota)
The Great Hinckley Fire (Memorial Cemetery, near Hinckley, Minnesota)
The Hinckley Fire (north of Legion Park in Hinckley, Minnesota)
In Memoriam (Intersection of Maple Street and East Front Street, Peshtigo, Wisconsin)
The Metz Fire (Metz Township, near Posen, Michigan)
The Metz Fire of 1908 (Metz Township, near Posen, Michigan)
Michigan's First Fire Tower (Higgins Lake Nursery, Higgins Lake, Michigan)
Minnesota's Most Devastating Wild Fires (Paul M. Thiede Fire Tower Park, Pequot Lakes, Minnesota)
The Pequot Fire Lookout Tower (Paul M. Thiede Fire Tower Park, Pequot Lakes, Minnesota)
Peshtigo Fire (NW end of the Peshtigo River Bridge, Peshtigo, Wisconsin)
Peshtigo Fire Cemetery (Peshtigo Fire Cemetery, Peshtigo, Wisconsin)
Phillips Fire (Next to Phillips Area Chamber of Commerce, Phillips, Wisconsin)
Site of Mass Grave (Riverside Cemetery, Moose Lake, Minnesota)
Wawa Lake Tales from Above and Below (Near north end of Lion's Beachfront Heritage Walk, Wawa, Ontario, Canada)
Where There is Smoke (Big Bog State Recreation Area, near Waskish, Minnesota)